Terraform Basics

Terraform is an Infrastructure as Code (IaC) tool developed by HashiCorp. It uses the declarative configuration language HCL (HashiCorp Configuration Language) to define and manage cloud resources. With Terraform, you can describe your complete infrastructure architecture in code, enabling version control and repeatable deployments.

Installing Terraform

Installing via the Official Repository

# Install the DNF plugin that provides config-manager
sudo dnf install -y dnf-plugins-core

# Add the HashiCorp official repository
# Note: EL10 still uses DNF 4 (4.20), so `config-manager --add-repo` works the same as on EL9
sudo dnf config-manager --add-repo https://rpm.releases.hashicorp.com/RHEL/hashicorp.repo

# Install Terraform
sudo dnf install -y terraform

# Verify installation
terraform version

Manual Installation

# Download the latest version (see https://developer.hashicorp.com/terraform/install for the current version)
TERRAFORM_VERSION="1.9.0"  # example version — replace with the latest from the official site
wget https://releases.hashicorp.com/terraform/${TERRAFORM_VERSION}/terraform_${TERRAFORM_VERSION}_linux_amd64.zip

# Extract and install
sudo dnf install -y unzip
unzip terraform_${TERRAFORM_VERSION}_linux_amd64.zip
sudo mv terraform /usr/local/bin/
sudo chmod +x /usr/local/bin/terraform

# Verify
terraform version

Enabling Command Auto-Completion

# Install auto-completion
terraform -install-autocomplete

# Reload the shell
source ~/.bashrc

HCL Syntax Basics

Terraform configuration files use the .tf extension and HCL syntax.

Basic Structure

# Comments start with #

# Block structure
resource "type" "name" {
  param1 = "value1"
  param2 = 123

  # Nested block
  nested_block {
    key = "value"
  }
}

# String interpolation
variable "name" {
  default = "myserver"
}

resource "example" "demo" {
  name = "prefix-${var.name}"
}

Data Types

# String
name = "web-server"

# Number
count = 3

# Boolean
enabled = true

# List
availability_zones = ["cn-hangzhou-a", "cn-hangzhou-b"]

# Map
tags = {
  Name        = "web-server"
  Environment = "production"
  Team        = "ops"
}

Provider Configuration

Providers are plugins that allow Terraform to interact with cloud platforms.

AWS Example

terraform {
  required_version = ">= 1.5.0"

  required_providers {
    aws = {
      source  = "hashicorp/aws"
      version = "~> 5.0"
    }
  }
}

provider "aws" {
  region     = "ap-northeast-1"  # Tokyo region
  access_key = var.aws_access_key
  secret_key = var.aws_secret_key

  # Or use environment variables (recommended):
  # export AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID="your-access-key"
  # export AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY="your-secret-key"
}

Alibaba Cloud Example

terraform {
  required_version = ">= 1.5.0"

  required_providers {
    alicloud = {
      source  = "aliyun/alicloud"
      version = "~> 1.220"
    }
  }
}

provider "alicloud" {
  region     = "cn-hangzhou"
  access_key = var.alicloud_access_key
  secret_key = var.alicloud_secret_key
}

Creating Resources

AWS EC2 Instance Example

# variables.tf - Variable definitions
variable "aws_access_key" {
  description = "AWS Access Key"
  type        = string
  sensitive   = true
}

variable "aws_secret_key" {
  description = "AWS Secret Key"
  type        = string
  sensitive   = true
}

variable "instance_type" {
  description = "EC2 instance type"
  type        = string
  default     = "t3.micro"
}

variable "instance_count" {
  description = "Number of instances"
  type        = number
  default     = 1
}

# main.tf - Main configuration file
# Query the latest AlmaLinux 9 AMI
data "aws_ami" "almalinux9" {
  most_recent = true
  owners      = ["764336703387"]  # AlmaLinux official

  filter {
    name   = "name"
    values = ["AlmaLinux OS 9*x86_64*"]
  }

  filter {
    name   = "virtualization-type"
    values = ["hvm"]
  }
}

# Create a security group
resource "aws_security_group" "web" {
  name        = "web-sg"
  description = "Allow HTTP and SSH"

  ingress {
    from_port   = 22
    to_port     = 22
    protocol    = "tcp"
    cidr_blocks = ["0.0.0.0/0"]
    description = "SSH"
  }

  ingress {
    from_port   = 80
    to_port     = 80
    protocol    = "tcp"
    cidr_blocks = ["0.0.0.0/0"]
    description = "HTTP"
  }

  ingress {
    from_port   = 443
    to_port     = 443
    protocol    = "tcp"
    cidr_blocks = ["0.0.0.0/0"]
    description = "HTTPS"
  }

  egress {
    from_port   = 0
    to_port     = 0
    protocol    = "-1"
    cidr_blocks = ["0.0.0.0/0"]
  }

  tags = {
    Name = "web-security-group"
  }
}

# Create EC2 instances
resource "aws_instance" "web" {
  count         = var.instance_count
  ami           = data.aws_ami.almalinux9.id
  instance_type = var.instance_type

  vpc_security_group_ids = [aws_security_group.web.id]

  user_data = <<-EOF
    #!/bin/bash
    dnf install -y nginx
    systemctl enable --now nginx
    echo "<h1>Server ${count.index + 1}</h1>" > /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html
  EOF

  tags = {
    Name = "web-server-${count.index + 1}"
    Env  = "production"
  }
}

# outputs.tf - Output definitions
output "instance_public_ips" {
  description = "List of instance public IPs"
  value       = aws_instance.web[*].public_ip
}

output "instance_ids" {
  description = "List of instance IDs"
  value       = aws_instance.web[*].id
}

output "ami_id" {
  description = "AMI ID used"
  value       = data.aws_ami.almalinux9.id
}

Alibaba Cloud ECS Instance Example

# main.tf - Alibaba Cloud ECS example
variable "alicloud_access_key" {
  type      = string
  sensitive = true
}

variable "alicloud_secret_key" {
  type      = string
  sensitive = true
}

# Query available zones
data "alicloud_zones" "default" {
  available_resource_creation = "VSwitch"
}

# Query images
data "alicloud_images" "almalinux" {
  name_regex  = "^almalinux_9"
  most_recent = true
  owners      = "system"
}

# Create a VPC
resource "alicloud_vpc" "main" {
  vpc_name   = "tf-demo-vpc"
  cidr_block = "172.16.0.0/16"
}

# Create a VSwitch
resource "alicloud_vswitch" "main" {
  vswitch_name = "tf-demo-vsw"
  vpc_id       = alicloud_vpc.main.id
  cidr_block   = "172.16.1.0/24"
  zone_id      = data.alicloud_zones.default.zones[0].id
}

# Create a security group
resource "alicloud_security_group" "web" {
  name   = "tf-demo-sg"
  vpc_id = alicloud_vpc.main.id
}

resource "alicloud_security_group_rule" "allow_ssh" {
  type              = "ingress"
  ip_protocol       = "tcp"
  port_range        = "22/22"
  security_group_id = alicloud_security_group.web.id
  cidr_ip           = "0.0.0.0/0"
}

resource "alicloud_security_group_rule" "allow_http" {
  type              = "ingress"
  ip_protocol       = "tcp"
  port_range        = "80/80"
  security_group_id = alicloud_security_group.web.id
  cidr_ip           = "0.0.0.0/0"
}

# Create an ECS instance
resource "alicloud_instance" "web" {
  instance_name        = "tf-demo-ecs"
  image_id             = data.alicloud_images.almalinux.images[0].id
  instance_type        = "ecs.t6-c1m1.large"
  security_groups      = [alicloud_security_group.web.id]
  vswitch_id           = alicloud_vswitch.main.id
  internet_max_bandwidth_out = 10
  system_disk_size     = 40

  user_data = base64encode(<<-EOF
    #!/bin/bash
    dnf install -y nginx
    systemctl enable --now nginx
  EOF
  )

  tags = {
    Name = "web-server"
    Env  = "demo"
  }
}

output "public_ip" {
  value = alicloud_instance.web.public_ip
}

Plan / Apply / Destroy Workflow

Initializing the Project

# Enter the project directory
cd /opt/terraform/myproject

# Initialize (downloads Provider plugins)
terraform init

# Upgrade Provider versions
terraform init -upgrade

Viewing the Execution Plan

# View the plan (preview changes that will be made)
terraform plan

# Save the plan to a file
terraform plan -out=tfplan

# Use a variable file
terraform plan -var-file="production.tfvars"

# Pass a single variable
terraform plan -var="instance_count=3"

Applying Changes

# Apply changes (requires confirmation)
terraform apply

# Use a saved plan file (no confirmation needed)
terraform apply tfplan

# Auto-approve (for CI/CD)
terraform apply -auto-approve

# Use a variable file
terraform apply -var-file="production.tfvars"

Destroying Resources

# Destroy all resources
terraform destroy

# Auto-approve destruction
terraform destroy -auto-approve

# Destroy only a specific resource
terraform destroy -target=aws_instance.web

Other Common Commands

# Format configuration files
terraform fmt

# Recursively format
terraform fmt -recursive

# Validate configuration syntax
terraform validate

# View current state
terraform show

# List all resources
terraform state list

# View details for a specific resource
terraform state show aws_instance.web[0]

# Refresh state (sync with actual remote state)
terraform refresh

# Generate a dependency graph
terraform graph | dot -Tpng > graph.png

Variable Files

Use .tfvars files to manage variables for different environments:

instance_type  = "t3.large"
instance_count = 3

instance_type  = "t3.micro"
instance_count = 1

# Use different environment variables
terraform apply -var-file="production.tfvars"
terraform apply -var-file="staging.tfvars"

Pass sensitive information via environment variables:

# Terraform automatically reads environment variables with the TF_VAR_ prefix
export TF_VAR_aws_access_key="AKIAIOSFODNN7EXAMPLE"
export TF_VAR_aws_secret_key="wJalrXUtnFEMI/K7MDENG/bPxRfiCYEXAMPLEKEY"

terraform apply

State Management

The Terraform state file (terraform.tfstate) records the current state of the infrastructure. For team collaboration, a remote backend should be used to store the state file.

Local State (Default)

# State file is located in the project directory
ls -la terraform.tfstate
ls -la terraform.tfstate.backup

Remote State - S3 Backend

terraform {
  backend "s3" {
    bucket         = "my-terraform-state"
    key            = "production/terraform.tfstate"
    region         = "ap-northeast-1"
    encrypt        = true
    dynamodb_table = "terraform-lock"  # State locking
  }
}

Remote State - Alibaba Cloud OSS Backend

terraform {
  backend "oss" {
    bucket   = "my-terraform-state"
    prefix   = "production"
    region   = "cn-hangzhou"
    encrypt  = true

    tablestore_endpoint = "https://tf-state-lock.cn-hangzhou.ots.aliyuncs.com"
    tablestore_table    = "terraform-lock"
  }
}

State Operations

# List resources in the state
terraform state list

# View resource details
terraform state show aws_instance.web[0]

# Move a resource (rename)
terraform state mv aws_instance.web aws_instance.webserver

# Remove a resource from state (without deleting the actual resource)
terraform state rm aws_instance.web[0]

# Import an existing resource into Terraform management
terraform import aws_instance.web i-0abc123def456

# Pull remote state
terraform state pull > state.json

# Push state to remote
terraform state push state.json

Basic Modules

Modules are used to encapsulate and reuse Terraform configurations.

Creating a Module

# Module directory structure
mkdir -p modules/ecs-instance

variable "instance_name" {
  description = "Instance name"
  type        = string
}

variable "instance_type" {
  description = "Instance specification"
  type        = string
  default     = "ecs.t6-c1m1.large"
}

variable "image_id" {
  description = "Image ID"
  type        = string
}

variable "vswitch_id" {
  description = "VSwitch ID"
  type        = string
}

variable "security_group_id" {
  description = "Security group ID"
  type        = string
}

variable "tags" {
  description = "Resource tags"
  type        = map(string)
  default     = {}
}

resource "alicloud_instance" "this" {
  instance_name              = var.instance_name
  instance_type              = var.instance_type
  image_id                   = var.image_id
  vswitch_id                 = var.vswitch_id
  security_groups            = [var.security_group_id]
  internet_max_bandwidth_out = 10
  system_disk_size           = 40
  tags                       = var.tags
}

output "instance_id" {
  value = alicloud_instance.this.id
}

output "public_ip" {
  value = alicloud_instance.this.public_ip
}

output "private_ip" {
  value = alicloud_instance.this.private_ip
}

Calling a Module

# main.tf - Using a custom module
module "web_server" {
  source = "./modules/ecs-instance"

  instance_name     = "web-server-01"
  instance_type     = "ecs.t6-c1m1.large"
  image_id          = data.alicloud_images.almalinux.images[0].id
  vswitch_id        = alicloud_vswitch.main.id
  security_group_id = alicloud_security_group.web.id

  tags = {
    Role = "web"
    Env  = "production"
  }
}

module "api_server" {
  source = "./modules/ecs-instance"

  instance_name     = "api-server-01"
  instance_type     = "ecs.c6.large"
  image_id          = data.alicloud_images.almalinux.images[0].id
  vswitch_id        = alicloud_vswitch.main.id
  security_group_id = alicloud_security_group.web.id

  tags = {
    Role = "api"
    Env  = "production"
  }
}

output "web_server_ip" {
  value = module.web_server.public_ip
}

output "api_server_ip" {
  value = module.api_server.public_ip
}

Using Remote Modules

# Using a module from the Terraform Registry
module "vpc" {
  source  = "alibaba/vpc/alicloud"
  version = "1.10.0"

  vpc_name   = "production-vpc"
  vpc_cidr   = "10.0.0.0/8"
}

Recommended Project Structure

terraform-project/
├── environments/
│   ├── production/
│   │   ├── main.tf
│   │   ├── variables.tf
│   │   ├── outputs.tf
│   │   ├── terraform.tfvars
│   │   └── backend.tf
│   └── staging/
│       ├── main.tf
│       ├── variables.tf
│       ├── outputs.tf
│       ├── terraform.tfvars
│       └── backend.tf
├── modules/
│   ├── ecs-instance/
│   ├── vpc/
│   └── security-group/
└── .gitignore

Create a .gitignore for your Terraform project:

cat > .gitignore << 'EOF'
# Terraform
.terraform/
*.tfstate
*.tfstate.backup
*.tfplan
*.tfvars
!example.tfvars

# Sensitive files
*.pem
*.key
EOF

Terraform is the core tool for Infrastructure as Code, bringing cloud resource creation and management under version control. Combined with Cloud-Init for passing user-data and Ansible for subsequent configuration, these three tools together form a complete automated infrastructure delivery pipeline.